Tree/FAQ

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Contents 1 General 1.1 Is the generated code thread-safe? 1.2 What character encoding does the generated code use? 1.3 Is it possible to change names assigned to anonymous types? 2 Parsing 2.1 Why do I get "error: Unknown element 'root-element'" when I try to parse a valid XML document? 2.2 How do I disable validation of XML documents? 2.3 How do I specify a schema location other than in an XML document? 2.4 How do I parse an XML document to a Xerces-C++ DOM document? 2.5 How do I handle XML data of an unknown type? 2.6 How do I parse an XML document that is missing namespace information? 2.7 How can I speed up parsing? 3 Serialization 3.1 How do I create an empty Xerces-C++ DOM document? 3.2 How do I serialize a Xerces-C++ DOM document to XML? 3.3 How do I serialize to XML without any namespace information? 3.4 How can I speed up serialization? 4 See also

General

Is the generated code thread-safe?

XSD-generated code is thread-safe in the sense that you can use different instantiations of the object model in several threads concurrently. This is possible due to the generated code not relying on any writable global variables. If you need to share the same object between several threads then you will need to provide some form of synchronization. If you also would like to call parsing and/or serialization functions from several threads potentially concurrently, then you will need to make sure the Xerces-C++ runtime is initialized and terminated only once. For more information on this topic refer to Section 3.4, "Thread Safety" in the C++/Tree Mapping Getting Started Guide.

What character encoding does the generated code use?

XSD has built-in support for two character types: char and wchar_t. You can select the character type with the --char-type command line option. The default character type is char. The character encoding depends on the character type used.

For the char character type the encoding is UTF-8. In XSD prior to version 2.3.1, the so-called "local code page" encoding was used via the Xerces-C++ XMLString::transcode functions. On some platforms (e.g., UNIX-like) you could set the local code page with the call to setlocale. On other platforms (e.g., Windows), the local code page is preset and cannot be changed. For backwards compatibility XSD allows you to use the local code page encoding by defining the XSD_USE_LCP preprocessor macro when compiling your source code.

For the wchar_t character type the encoding is automatically selected between UTF-16 and UTF-32/UCS-4 depending on the size of the wchar_t type. On some platforms (e.g., Windows with Visual C++ and AIX with IBM XL C++) wchar_t is 2 bytes long. For these platforms the encoding is UTF-16. On other platforms wchar_t is 4 bytes long and UTF-32/UCS-4 is used.

Is it possible to change names assigned to anonymous types?

By default XSD uses names of enclosing elements and attributes to derive names for anonymous types. You can alter this behavior with the --anonymous-regex option as described in the XSD Compiler Command Line Manual. For example, the following option appends Type to names of all anonymous types:

--anonymous-regex '%.* .* (.+/)*(.+)%$2Type%'

Alternatively, you can make names of anonymous types start with capital letters by using the following option:

--anonymous-regex '%.* .* (.+/)*(.+)%\u$2%'

Parsing

Why do I get "error: Unknown element 'root-element'" when I try to parse a valid XML document?

This usually means that the parser could not find a schema to validate your XML document against. Since by default validation is turned on, this results in an error. For more information on various ways to resolve this see Section 5.1, "XML Schema Validation and Searching" in the C++/Tree Mapping Getting Started Guide.

How do I disable validation of XML documents?

To disable validation you will need to pass the xml_schema::flags::dont_validate flag to one of the parsing functions, as described in Section 5.1, "XML Schema Validation and Searching" in the C++/Tree Mapping Getting Started Guide.

How do I specify a schema location other than in an XML document?

There are several methods to programmatically specify schema locations to be used in validation. For example, you can use the xml_schema::properties argument to parsing functions to specify schema locations instead of those specified with the xsi::schemaLocation and xsi::noNamespaceSchemaLocation attributes in XML documents. For more information refer to Section 5.1, "XML Schema Validation and Searching" in the C++/Tree Mapping Getting Started Guide.

How do I parse an XML document to a Xerces-C++ DOM document?

While this question is not exactly about XSD or the C++/Tree mapping and it is covered in the Xerces-C++ Programming Guide, this step is a prerequisite to some more advanced techniques covered in this FAQ. Furthermore, the XSD runtime provides some untilities that make the code a little bit more palatable. The code presented in this entry can also be found in the multiroot example in the examples/cxx/tree/ directory of XSD distribution.

#include <string>
#include <istream>

#include <xercesc/dom/DOM.hpp>
#include <xercesc/util/XMLUniDefs.hpp> // chLatin_*
#include <xercesc/framework/Wrapper4InputSource.hpp>

#include <xsd/cxx/xml/dom/auto-ptr.hxx>
#include <xsd/cxx/xml/sax/std-input-source.hxx>
#include <xsd/cxx/xml/dom/bits/error-handler-proxy.hxx>

#include <xsd/cxx/tree/exceptions.hxx>
#include <xsd/cxx/tree/error-handler.hxx>

// Parse an XML document from the standard input stream with an
// optional resource id. Resource id is used in diagnostics as
// well as to locate schemas referenced from inside the document.
//
xsd::cxx::xml::dom::auto_ptr<xercesc::DOMDocument>
parse (std::istream& is, const std::string& id, bool validate)
{
  using namespace xercesc;
  namespace xml = xsd::cxx::xml;
  namespace tree = xsd::cxx::tree;

  const XMLCh ls_id [] = {chLatin_L, chLatin_S, chNull};

  // Get an implementation of the Load-Store (LS) interface.
  //
  DOMImplementation* impl (
    DOMImplementationRegistry::getDOMImplementation (ls_id));

#if _XERCES_VERSION >= 30000

  // Xerces-C++ 3.0.0 and later.
  //
  xml::dom::auto_ptr<DOMLSParser> parser (
    impl->createLSParser (DOMImplementationLS::MODE_SYNCHRONOUS, 0));

  DOMConfiguration* conf (parser->getDomConfig ());

  // Discard comment nodes in the document.
  //
  conf->setParameter (XMLUni::fgDOMComments, false);

  // Enable datatype normalization.
  //
  conf->setParameter (XMLUni::fgDOMDatatypeNormalization, true);

  // Do not create EntityReference nodes in the DOM tree. No
  // EntityReference nodes will be created, only the nodes
  // corresponding to their fully expanded substitution text
  // will be created.
  //
  conf->setParameter (XMLUni::fgDOMEntities, false);

  // Perform namespace processing.
  //
  conf->setParameter (XMLUni::fgDOMNamespaces, true);

  // Do not include ignorable whitespace in the DOM tree.
  //
  conf->setParameter (XMLUni::fgDOMElementContentWhitespace, false);

  // Enable/Disable validation.
  //
  conf->setParameter (XMLUni::fgDOMValidate, validate);
  conf->setParameter (XMLUni::fgXercesSchema, validate);
  conf->setParameter (XMLUni::fgXercesSchemaFullChecking, false);

  // Xerces-C++ 3.1.0 is the first version with working multi import
  // support.
  //
#if _XERCES_VERSION >= 30100
  conf->setParameter (XMLUni::fgXercesHandleMultipleImports, true);
#endif

  // We will release the DOM document ourselves.
  //
  conf->setParameter (XMLUni::fgXercesUserAdoptsDOMDocument, true);

  // Set error handler.
  //
  tree::error_handler<char> eh;
  xml::dom::bits::error_handler_proxy<char> ehp (eh);
  conf->setParameter (XMLUni::fgDOMErrorHandler, &ehp);

#else // _XERCES_VERSION >= 30000

  // Same as above but for Xerces-C++ 2 series.
  //
  xml::dom::auto_ptr<DOMBuilder> parser (
    impl->createDOMBuilder (DOMImplementationLS::MODE_SYNCHRONOUS, 0));

  parser->setFeature (XMLUni::fgDOMComments, false);
  parser->setFeature (XMLUni::fgDOMDatatypeNormalization, true);
  parser->setFeature (XMLUni::fgDOMEntities, false);
  parser->setFeature (XMLUni::fgDOMNamespaces, true);
  parser->setFeature (XMLUni::fgDOMWhitespaceInElementContent, false);
  parser->setFeature (XMLUni::fgDOMValidation, validate);
  parser->setFeature (XMLUni::fgXercesSchema, validate);
  parser->setFeature (XMLUni::fgXercesSchemaFullChecking, false);
  parser->setFeature (XMLUni::fgXercesUserAdoptsDOMDocument, true);

  tree::error_handler<char> eh;
  xml::dom::bits::error_handler_proxy<char> ehp (eh);
  parser->setErrorHandler (&ehp);

#endif // _XERCES_VERSION >= 30000

  // Prepare input stream.
  //
  xml::sax::std_input_source isrc (is, id);
  Wrapper4InputSource wrap (&isrc, false);

#if _XERCES_VERSION >= 30000
  xml::dom::auto_ptr<DOMDocument> doc (parser->parse (&wrap));
#else
  xml::dom::auto_ptr<DOMDocument> doc (parser->parse (wrap));
#endif

  eh.throw_if_failed<tree::parsing<char> > ();

  return doc;
}

Below is a simple program that uses the above code.

#include <fstream>
#include <xercesc/util/PlatformUtils.hpp>

int
main (int argc, char* argv[])
{
  using namespace xercesc;
  namespace xml = xsd::cxx::xml;

  XMLPlatformUtils::Initialize ();

  {
    std::ifstream ifs (argv[1]);
    xml::dom::auto_ptr<DOMDocument> doc (parse (ifs, argv[1], true));
  }
 
  XMLPlatformUtils::Terminate ();
}

How do I handle XML data of an unknown type?

Here we assume that you need to handle XML documents that can be of several predefined types. There is no informtaion that distinguishes one document from the other other than the root element name.

Suppose we have two root elements defined in our schema: foo and bar with types Foo and Bar, respectively. There are two ways to handle this situation. The first is quite straightforward but slow. It boils down to calling each parsing function in a sequence expecting all except one to fail. The slow part comes from the need to re-parse XML to DOM for each invocation. The following code outlines this approach:

while (true)
{
  try
  {
    std::auto_ptr<Foo> f (foo ("document.xml")); // Try to parse as Foo.

    // Do something useful with f.

    break;
  }
  catch (xml_schema::unexpected_element const&)
  {
    // Try the next function.
  }

  try
  {
    std::auto_ptr<Bar> b (bar ("document.xml")); // Try to parse as Bar.

    // Do something useful with b.

    break;
  }
  catch (xml_schema::unexpected_element const&)
  {
    // Try the next function.
  }

  // This document is of some other type.
}

The second approach involves splitting the parsing process into two stages: XML to DOM and DOM to Tree. After the XML to DOM stage we peek at the root element and decide which parsing function to call:

#include <xercesc/dom/DOM.hpp>
#include <xsd/cxx/xml/string.hxx>

using namespace xercesc;

DOMDocument* dom = ... // Parse XML into DOM.
DOMElement* root = dom->getDocumentElement ();
std::string name (xsd::cxx::xml::transcode<char> (root->getLocalName ()));

if (name == "foo")
{
  std::auto_ptr<Foo> f (foo (*dom)); // Parse dom to Foo.

  // Do something useful with f.
}
else if (name == "bar")
{
  std::auto_ptr<Bar> b (bar (*dom)); // Parse dom to Bar.

  // Do something useful with b.
}

For a complete program that uses this technique refer to the multiroot example in the examples/cxx/tree/ directory of XSD distribution. For more information on parsing XML to DOM see How do I parse an XML document to a Xerces-C++ DOM document?

How do I parse an XML document that is missing namespace information?

Strictly speaking such a document is invalid per the schema and the best solution is to either fix the XML document to conform to the schema or change the schema to allow such documents. If none of these methods are acceptable, then you can use the following work-around. First, you will need to perform the XML-to-DOM parsing and disable XML Schema validation (since your document is invalid, it cannot be validated). For more information on how to do this see the C++/Tree mapping examples in the XSD distribution as well as the rest of this FAQ.

Once you obtain the DOM representation of your XML document, you will need to add the missing namespace information to the elements. For example, the following function adds the namespace information to all the elements in the document fragment recursively:

#include <string>

#include <xercesc/dom/DOMDocument.hpp>
#include <xercesc/dom/DOMElement.hpp>

#include <xsd/cxx/xml/string.hxx>

xercesc::DOMElement*
add_namespace (xercesc::DOMDocument* doc,
               xercesc::DOMElement* e,
               const XMLCh* ns)
{
  using namespace xercesc;

  DOMElement* ne =
    static_cast<DOMElement*> (
      doc->renameNode (e, ns, e->getLocalName ()));

  for (DOMNode* n = ne->getFirstChild (); n != 0; n = n->getNextSibling ())
  {
    if (n->getNodeType () == DOMNode::ELEMENT_NODE)
    {
      n = add_namespace (doc, static_cast<DOMElement*> (n), ns);
    }
  }

  return ne;
}

xercesc::DOMElement*
add_namespace (xercesc::DOMDocument* doc,
               xercesc::DOMElement* e,
               const std::string& ns)
{
  return add_namespace (doc, e, xsd::cxx::xml::string (ns).c_str ());
}

After this, you can call one of the parsing functions to convert this fixed-up document to the object model. The following code fragment illustrates these steps:

DOMDocument* doc = ... // Parse XML to DOM.
add_namespace (doc, doc->getDocumentElement (), "http://www.example.com/foo");
auto_ptr<Foo> = foo (*doc); // Parse DOM to object model.

How can I speed up parsing?

Parsing functions perform the following steps for each document being parsed:

1. Initialization and termination of the Xerces-C++ runtime.
2. Construction and configuration of the parser object.
3. If XML Schema validation is enabled, loading and parsing of the schema(s).

These steps can be moved out and done only once during the application startup. The performance example in the examples/cxx/tree/ directory of the XSD distribution shows how to do this. For more information on how to parse from std::istream instead of the memory buffer, see Q2.4 in this section.

Serialization

How do I create an empty Xerces-C++ DOM document?

While this question is not exactly about XSD or the C++/Tree mapping and it is covered in the Xerces-C++ Programming Guide, this step is a prerequisite to some more advanced techniques covered in this FAQ. Furthermore, the XSD runtime provides some untilities that make the code a little bit more palatable.

#include <xercesc/dom/DOM.hpp>

#include <xsd/cxx/xml/string.hxx>
#include <xsd/cxx/xml/dom/auto-ptr.hxx>

xsd::cxx::xml::dom::auto_ptr<xercesc::DOMDocument>
create (const std::string& root_element_name,
        const std::string& root_element_namespace = "",
        const std::string& root_element_namespace_prefix = "");

xsd::cxx::xml::dom::auto_ptr<xercesc::DOMDocument>
create (const std::string& name,
        const std::string& ns,
        const std::string& prefix)
{
  using namespace xercesc;
  namespace xml = xsd::cxx::xml;

  const XMLCh ls_id [] = {chLatin_L, chLatin_S, chNull};

  // Get an implementation of the Load-Store (LS) interface.
  //
  DOMImplementation* impl (
    DOMImplementationRegistry::getDOMImplementation (ls_id));

  xml::dom::auto_ptr<DOMDocument> doc (
    impl->createDocument (
      (ns.empty () ? 0 : xml::string (ns).c_str ()),
      xml::string ((prefix.empty () ? name : prefix + ':' + name)).c_str (),
      0));

  return doc;
}

The following code fragment shows how to use this function. It also shows how to establish additional namespace-prefix mappings and set the schemaLocation attribute:

#include <xercesc/util/PlatformUtils.hpp>

int
main (int argc, char* argv[])
{
  using namespace xercesc;
  namespace xml = xsd::cxx::xml;

  XMLPlatformUtils::Initialize ();

  {
    xml::dom::auto_ptr<DOMDocument> doc (
      create ("example",
              "http://www.example.com/xmlns/example",
              "e"));

    DOMElement* root (doc->getDocumentElement ());

    root->setAttributeNS (
      xml::string ("http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/").c_str (),
      xml::string ("xmlns:xsi").c_str (),
      xml::string ("http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance").c_str ());

    root->setAttributeNS (
      xml::string ("http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance").c_str (),
      xml::string ("xsi:schemaLocation").c_str (),
      xml::string ("http://www.example.com/xmlns/example example.xsd").c_str ());
  }

  XMLPlatformUtils::Terminate ();
}

The call to create above creates a DOM document with the example element as its root. The example element is in the http://www.example.com/xmlns/example namespace to which we assigned the e namespace prefix.

How do I serialize a Xerces-C++ DOM document to XML?

While this question is not exactly about XSD or the C++/Tree mapping and it is covered in the Xerces-C++ Programming Guide, this step is a prerequisite to some more advanced techniques covered in this FAQ. Furthermore, the XSD runtime provides some untilities that make the code a little bit more palatable.

#include <ostream>

#include <xercesc/dom/DOM.hpp>
#include <xercesc/util/XMLUniDefs.hpp>

#include <xsd/cxx/xml/string.hxx>
#include <xsd/cxx/xml/dom/auto-ptr.hxx>
#include <xsd/cxx/xml/dom/serialization-source.hxx>
#include <xsd/cxx/xml/dom/bits/error-handler-proxy.hxx>

#include <xsd/cxx/tree/exceptions.hxx>
#include <xsd/cxx/tree/error-handler.hxx>

void
serialize (std::ostream& os,
           const xercesc::DOMDocument& doc,
           const std::string& encoding = "UTF-8")
{
  using namespace xercesc;
  namespace xml = xsd::cxx::xml;
  namespace tree = xsd::cxx::tree;

  const XMLCh ls_id [] = {chLatin_L, chLatin_S, chNull};

  // Get an implementation of the Load-Store (LS) interface.
  //
  DOMImplementation* impl (
    DOMImplementationRegistry::getDOMImplementation (ls_id));
 
  tree::error_handler<char> eh;
  xml::dom::bits::error_handler_proxy<char> ehp (eh);

  xml::dom::ostream_format_target oft (os);

#if _XERCES_VERSION >= 30000

  // Create a DOMSerializer.
  //
  xml::dom::auto_ptr<DOMLSSerializer> writer (
    impl->createLSSerializer ());

  DOMConfiguration* conf (writer->getDomConfig ());

  // Set error handler.
  //
  conf->setParameter (XMLUni::fgDOMErrorHandler, &ehp);

  // Set some generally nice features.
  //
  conf->setParameter (XMLUni::fgDOMWRTDiscardDefaultContent, true);
  conf->setParameter (XMLUni::fgDOMWRTFormatPrettyPrint, true);

  xml::dom::auto_ptr<DOMLSOutput> out (impl->createLSOutput ());
  out->setEncoding (xml::string (encoding).c_str ());
  out->setByteStream (&oft);

  writer->write (&doc, out.get ());

#else

  // Create a DOMWriter.
  //
  xml::dom::auto_ptr<DOMWriter> writer (impl->createDOMWriter ());

  // Set error handler.
  //
  writer->setErrorHandler (&ehp);

  // Set encoding.
  //
  writer->setEncoding(xml::string (encoding).c_str ());

  // Set some generally nice features.
  //
  writer->setFeature (XMLUni::fgDOMWRTDiscardDefaultContent, true);
  writer->setFeature (XMLUni::fgDOMWRTFormatPrettyPrint, true);

  writer->writeNode (&oft, doc);

#endif

  eh.throw_if_failed<tree::serialization<char> > ();
}

This function can be used like this:

#include <fstream>
#include <xercesc/util/PlatformUtils.hpp>

int
main (int argc, char* argv[])
{
  using namespace xercesc;
  namespace xml = xsd::cxx::xml;

  XMLPlatformUtils::Initialize ();

  {
    DOMDocument& doc = ...

    std::ofstream ofs (argv[1]);

    serialize (ofs, *doc);
  }

  XMLPlatformUtils::Terminate ();
}

How do I serialize to XML without any namespace information?

Strictly speaking such an XML document would be invalid per the schema and the best solution is to either fix the consumer of such documents to be able to parse the version with namespaces or change the schema to allow such documents. If none of these methods are acceptable, then you can use the following work-around. First, you will need to call one of the serialization functions to serialize the object model to a DOM document. Once you obtain the DOM representation of your XML document, you will need to remove the namespace information from the elements. For example, the following function removes the namespace information from all the elements in the document fragment recursively:

#include <xercesc/dom/DOMDocument.hpp>
#include <xercesc/dom/DOMElement.hpp>

xercesc::DOMElement*
remove_namespace (xercesc::DOMDocument* doc, xercesc::DOMElement* e)
{
  using namespace xercesc;

  DOMElement* ne =
    static_cast<DOMElement*> (
      doc->renameNode (e, 0, e->getLocalName ()));

  for (DOMNode* n = ne->getFirstChild (); n != 0; n = n->getNextSibling ())
  {
    if (n->getNodeType () == DOMNode::ELEMENT_NODE)
    {
      n = remove_namespace (doc, static_cast<DOMElement*> (n));
    }
  }

  return ne;
}

Once this is done, you will need to perform the DOM-to-XML serialization. For more information on how to do this see the C++/Tree mapping examples in the XSD distribution as well as the rest of this FAQ. The following code fragment illustrates these steps:

Foo& f = ... // Object model.
xml_schema::dom::auto_ptr<DOMDocument> doc = foo (f); // Serialize the object model to DOM.
remove_namespace (doc.get (), doc->getDocumentElement ());
serialize (std::cout, *doc); // Serialize DOM to XML.

How can I speed up serialization?

Serialization functions perform the following steps for each document being serialized:

1. Initialization and termination of the Xerces-C++ runtime.
2. Construction and configuration of the serializer object.

These steps can be moved out and done only once during the application startup. The performance example in the examples/cxx/tree/ directory of the XSD distribution shows how to do this. For more information on how to serialize to std::ostream instead of the memory buffer, see Q3.2 in this section.

See also

• Xerces-C++ tips
• Cache and serialize XML Schemas with Xerces-C++